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. Kumar, Inset locates main map. -15-manuscript accepted for publication at Geophysical Research Letters Figure 2. Posterior mean coupling model of the Himalayan megathrust. (a) The resulting posterior mean model accounts for data uncertainties and 10% of prediction uncertainties (see Methods for details), Background map shows the population density distribution Ciesin, 2005.

, Comparison between along-strike variability of coupling, lateral extension of historical M>7.5 earthquakes, location of the subsurface ridges, and cumulative seismic moment released. (a) arc-parallel coupling profile at 45-50 km from the Main-Frontal-Thrust, derived from the posterior mean coupling model shown in Fig. 2. Shaded grey area represents the corresponding 2-? deviation. Blue dashed lines indicate the location of the subsurface ridges in the Indo-Gangetic plains at the Main Frontal Thrust: DHR -Delhi Hardwar ridge; FR -Faizabad ridge; MSR -Munger-Saharsa ridge. (b) Known major and great earthquakes in the Himalaya (see Table S2). The lateral extension of the 1555, 1505, and 1255 earthquakes is speculative. (c) Lateral variation of cumulative seismic moment released of M>4.5 earthquakes across the Himalayan belt. The seismicity is defined within 250 km north of the Main Frontal Thrust. coupling vs. topography. (a) Comparison between the presentday topography and coupling distribution inferred from the posterior mean coupling model shown in Fig. 2. Blue colormap displays the interseismic coupling pattern. Solid coloured lines show the topography contour lines. Dashed blue lines indicate the location of the Kaurik-Chango, Thakola, and Yadong rifts. (b) Arc-Parallel Topography Anomalies after smoothing with a 30-km radius circle Hetényi, Same posterior mean model with the GPS displacement (in the fixed Eurasian reference frame) and model predictions plotted as black and blue arrows, respectively. -16-manuscript accepted for publication at Geophysical Research Letters Figure 3, 2016.